belgium and the nazis

[KingLeopoldIV]

The Belgian parliament has just passed a "law" stating that Belgium can try people from anywhere in the world for "crimes" committed anywhere in the world.
They now intend to do so against Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, accusing him of being "responsible" when christians and Moslems killed eachother in Lebanon.

This makes Belgium the joker of the world! A country that has given the entire world nothing but lace! - a parasitical country, wants to be the world conscience?

This is the country whose King Albert surrendered to the germans in WWI, and whose pro-nazi King Leopold III surrendered again to the germans in WWII, and was a traitor to his people and was therefore kicked off his own throne by belgians after WWII.

A country with a huge amount of collaborators with the nazis!

I gathered just a few facts about the human junk that populates belgium, from the Internet.

And you human scum, nazi lovers, are going to judge other people? Very funny.

The Israeli army could probably conquer belgium in 2 days - but they wouldn't have to: by tradition of kings albert and leopold in wars WWI and WWII, belgium would surrender 1st to the Israeli Army orchestra!

Here's what you can find on the web, just search on +Belgium +nazi
:

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When Hitler's armies invaded Belgium on May 10, 1940, both Flemish and Wallonian fascist parties celebrated the opportunity given them to win political power, and to settle accounts with Bolshevism. The Vlaams Nationaal Verbond (Flemish National Union-VNV) paraded in Antwerp, with the slogan "Antwerp Is Ours! Jews Out". In 1941, thousands of their supporters volunteered to join Nazi armies in the war against the Soviet Union, as did supporters of Leon Degrelle's Rexist Party in Wallonia, which sought Hitler's aid in carving a "Greater Burgundy" out of Belgium and parts of France.

After Nazi Germany's defeat, 500,000 Belgians were investigated for collaboration with the Nazis, tens of thousands were jailed, fined, and lost property. 3,000 were sentenced to death, although only 242 were in the end executed. The then King, Leopold III, was forced to abdicate. The present day racist, anti-immigrant Vlaams Blok-which calls for the suppression of strikes and is currently the largest political party in Antwerp-is the political descendent of the VNV.




By Guardian Newspapers, 9/23/2002

Belgium may investigate the alleged complicity of its wartime authorities in the deportation and murder of some 25,000 Jews.

The centre-left MP Olivier Maingain has proposed a committee of inquiry in the hope that it will prompt a national debate on the issue.

Belgium's record during the second world war has long been a matter of debate. Occupied from 1940 to 1944, its king opted to stay in Belgium with most senior civil servants and police, while the government fled to London.

Many Belgians allegedly helped the Nazis identify 25,257 non-Belgian Jews for deportation; 28 convoys were dispatched to concentration camps between 1942 and 1944, and only 1,207 Jews survived. Antwerp policemen allegedly helped the Germans and an SS regiment of native Flemish reservists carry out raids and arrest Jews.










Albert I
Albert was born in Brussels in 1875, and was the nephew of King Leopold II. He bore the title Count of Flanders. Upon his uncle's death in 1909 Albert I assended the throne. He married the Duchess of Bavaria and both proved to be very popular members of the Royal Family.
During the first World War he became aware of the German invasion plans. He immediately warned France and led the Belgians in delaying actions against Germany. On July 31, 1914 he sent a personal letter to the German Kaiser Wilhelm II informing him that Belgium would remain neutral and declined to cooperate with the allies. His letter was ignored and German troops subsequently poured into Belgium.

He was succeeded by his son Leopold III.





Leopold III
The dubious and at times overtly pro-Nazi behavior of Leopold III (whose anti-parliamentary feelings were well known) during WW II brought the country on the brink of civil war on the occasion of his return, a majority of the North having voted in favor, the vast majority of the South against, his return in a referendum and openly advocating a republic. The crisis was resolved by abdication in favor of his oldest son.





King Leopold III of Belgium
(1901-1983)
It is apparent that King Leopold III, a human being with faults and failing like all of us, suffered a number of unfortunate and sad events in his life. Although he was accused of high treason by the Belgian people, he was later exonerated but, it appears, not forgiven in his lifetime. This is what I have learnt about him.
Born on the 3rd November 1901, Leopold III succeeded as King of the Belgians in 1934 following the sudden and premature death of his father, King Albert 1, in a rock climbing accident. Leopold was married to Princess Astrid of Sweden in 1926 and they had three children, Josephine-Charlotte (born 1927), Baudouin (born 1930) and Albert (born 1934). Sadly, in August 1935, Queen Astrid was killed in a car accident - Leopold was driving the car when it crashed. The Belgian people loved their beautiful Queen and blamed the King for his moment of inattention at the wheel.
In May 1940, Germany invaded Belgium without warning or ultimatum and, after the Belgian Army had suffered for 18 days, Leopold, against the advice of his cabinet, decided to surrender unconditionally to the Germans on 28th May. The French and British troops that had come to Belgium's aid initially had been overwhelmed by the superiority of the invading forces and by 26th May, the Allies were pushed into the narrow beachhead around Dunkerque. It seemed to the King that the cause was hopeless: there was no escape for his troops and he genuinely wished to spare his people further bloodshed. Indeed, the Flemish Belgians, particularly in the province of West Flanders (who were caught in the middle of the battle) were fully behind him but, unfortunately, his surrender incurred the vehement condemnation of the majority of the Belgian People and brought accusations of treason. Leopold's decision to capitulate would plague him for the rest of his life.
At the time, the Belgian government-in-exile refused to acknowledge defeat and declared the King's surrender "illegal and unconstitutional". By the 30th May, the ministers had voted to divest Leopold III of all powers and of the right to rule. Nevertheless, Leopold steadfastly refused to administer his country under German control and, as a result of his defiance, was imprisoned in his castle at Laken.
In November 1940, Leopold met Adolf Hitler in Berchtesgaden. He achieved the release of 50,000 Belgian prisoners of war and an improved food supply for occupied Belgium. However, the western Allies and many of his countrymen now regarded him as a collaborator.
In 1941, Leopold III secretly married again on 11th September. His second wife, Mary Liliane Baels, was a commoner and this was a morganatic marriage meaning that any offspring and their descendants could have no claim on the Belgian throne. The Belgian people learnt of this liaison following the civil marriage on 8th December 1941. Their reaction was anger and resentment that he had found happiness whilst they were suffering! (The press rebuked him: "Sire, we thought you had your face turned towards us in mourning. Instead you had it hidden in the shoulder of a woman."). Liliane, later created princess of R?thy, welcomed Leopold's children into her home, filling the gap left by the death of their mother, Queen Astrid. Three more children were born, a son, Alexander (1942), and two daughters, Marie-Christine (1951) and Marie-Esmeralda (1956).
After the Allied invasion in June 1944, Leopold was taken to Germany on the orders of Himmler. Followed by Princess Liliane and the royal children, the family was held in custody in a fort at Hirschstein an der Elbe in Saxony through the winter of 1944-45, and then at Strobl, near Salzburg, in Austria, before being liberated by American troops in May 1945. Much bitter opposition to his return existed in Belgium because of his wartime conduct. After the liberation of Belgium in 1944, the legislature elected Leopold's brother Prince Charles (1903-1983) as regent and Leopold and his family went into exile in Switzerland.
In 1946 a commission of inquiry exonerated Leopold of treason, but the controversy concerning his loyalty continued. A referendum held on 12th March 1950 favoured his return by an overall majority of 58% (the vote in Flanders was 77%) and he went home to Brussels on the 22nd July. However, he met such fierce hostility, manifested in strikes and other protests that, by the 1st August, he felt obliged to delegate his royal powers to his son, Crown Prince Baudouin. He finally abdicated in favour of his son on 16 July 1951, two months before Baudouin's twenty-first birthday. The childless King Baudouin I reigned until his death in 1993, when he was succeeded by his younger brother, the present King Albert II.
Ex-King Leopold III died in Brussels on 25th September 1983.
Leopold III, King of Belgium
Biography

Leopold III (1901-83), king of the Belgians (1934-51), son of King Albert I, and grandnephew of King Leopold II, born November 3, 1901, in Brussels. In 1926 he married Princess Astrid of Sweden. During World War II, when the German army invaded Belgium and France, Leopold, with the bulk of the Belgian army, was surrounded by the Germans and quickly capitulated. His surrender incurred the violent disapproval of the Belgian people and brought accusations of treason. Leopold, however, refused to administer his country under German control and was imprisoned first in his castle at Brussels and later in Germany. Despite his defiance of the Germans, the Belgian government-in-exile in London refused to recognize his right to rule.
After the liberation of Belgium in 1944, the legislature elected Leopold's brother Prince Charles as regent. Leopold later went into exile in Switzerland. In 1946 a commission of inquiry exonerated Leopold of treason, but the controversy concerning his loyalty continued. He won a referendum permitting his return, and he returned from exile on July 22, 1950. Riots soon erupted, and on August 1 he delegated his royal powers to his son Baudouin. On July 16, 1951, Leopold abdicated in favor of Baudouin. He died in Brussels, September 25, 1983.



His return to Belgium was a burning political issue. The Liberal and leftist parties accused him of cooperation with Nazi Germany and of fascist sympathies, and his main support came from the Catholic Conservatives. In 1945, Leopold was barred from returning without the permission of the parliament. He spent his exile mostly in Switzerland while his brother, Prince Charles, acted as regent. A referendum held in 1950 favored the king's return by a slight majority. However, Leopold's arrival in Belgium was followed by such unrest that he transferred the royal powers to his eldest son, Baudouin. In July, 1951, Leopold formally abdicated.




The purge of Nazi collaborators, which took place immediately after the war, belong to a depressing chapter in the history of Belgium. Some 53,000 Belgians were judged to have collaborated with the enemy.


EXTREMIST PARTIES AND HATE GROUPS
Extreme Right-Wing Political Parties
Belgium is divided into three major regions (Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels), and three linguistic communities (French, Flemish and German; Brussels is bilingual). The largest neo-fascist party in Belgium is the Vlaams Blok (VB) of Flanders, established in 1977. Since its electoral success in 1995, the VB, currently headed by Frank Vanhecke, has become one of the strongest extreme right parties in Europe (see previous reports). Its political aspiration is for a Flemish state which, after the dissolution of Belgium, would unify Belgian Flanders, French Flanders and the Netherlands. Flemish nationalism of the 1930s, Flemish collaboration with Nazi Germany, and glorification of the Vlaanderen Division of the Waffen SS, are legacies embraced by the party. One of the most fanatical defenders of these values is VB vice-president Roland Raes.
Although in 1995 VB voted for the law prohibiting denial or minimization of the Holocaust, members of the VB are known as Holocaust deniers. The party's theory of nationalism is based on the German volkisch conception. The term race flamande (Flemish race) is frequently used by VB ideologists.


The party is the ideological heir to the pre-war right-wing movement that collaborated with Nazi Germany. The VB is a populist party, advocating an independent Flemish state with Brussels as its capital, and it campaigns for a total amnesty for Nazi collaborators. Elements within the party express open admiration for the Nazi regime and a number of formal Belgian Waffen-SS members and known anti-semitic activists belong to its militant wing.


Outside the political arena, various neo-Nazi and radical right groups continue to operate in Belgium. Some, such as Thule Sodalitas, are involved in anti-Semitic activities (see below). The best organized and the most active is Voorpost (Outpost), which has strong links to the VB as well as worldwide connections with extreme right groups (see ASW 1996/7). It is known that members of outlawed militant groups, such as Vlaamse Militanten Orde (VMO), have created clandestine para-military cells. In 1997 Diksmuide, where Flemish nationalists have been meeting regularly since 1920 to honor their soldiers who fell in World War II, was again a venue for extreme rightists throughout Europe.


Belgium Bought Nazi Gold L O S A N G E L E S, Nov. 24 - Belgium, whose national treasury was looted by the Germans in World War II, was buying gold stolen by the Nazis from other countries a month before it was invaded, according to documents made public Monday.
Previously unknown documents from the Tripartite Gold Commission showed that in April 1940, a month before the Germans invaded Belgium, the then neutral nation bought 5.4 tons of gold looted by the Nazis from Austria and 1.3 tons stolen from Czechoslovakia.
The 6.7 tons would be worth about $80 million at today's prices.




World War II broke out on September 1st 1939, with the German invasion of Poland. Belgium continued to regard itself neutral. Until May 10th 1940, despite Germany and France being at war with each other, there was no fighting on the western front (the DROLE DU GUERRE, PHONEY WAR or SITZKRIEG). Then the German armies again disrespected the neutrality of their western neighbours, invading the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg and France on May 10th. On May 27th, King Leopold III., without consulting the government, requested an armistice. Belgium was occupied; the king remained in the country. Belgian representatives assembled in Limoges (France) condemn the royal action; a Belgian government-in-exile was established at Bordeaux (France, June 18th), demanding the king to abdicate. When France was occupied, Belgian political leaders (SPAAK, PIERLOT) flee to London.
King Leopold III. met Adolf Hitler in Nov. 1940 in Berchtesgaden; he achieved the release of 50,000 Belgian P.O.W.s and an improved food supply for occupied Belgium. Both the western Allies and large segments of the Belgian population regarded him a collaborator.
The German administration attempted to win followers for the new order. In addition to the king and fascist groups, politician Hendrik de Man accepted the new order and dissolved the Belgian Workers Party in June 1940. The Germans organized a Flemish and a Wallonian "legion of volunteers against Bolzhevism" to fight for Germany in the east, with little success. The plan was to 'germanize' the Wallonians, mainly through assimilation, as they were regarded "racially of Nordic stock". In fall 1940 the registration of Belgian Jews began, a first step in the Holocaust of Belgium's ca. 20.000 Jews; the deportation began in 1942. The Germans operated a concentration camp at BREENDONK, a transition camp as the inmates were to be transported to the annihilation camps in the east..

[Proud_Belgian]

Get a grip, dude. Do you go to German boards to diss them because they used to be nazis? Do you go to Italian boards to diss them because they used to be fascists? Do you go to French boards to diss them because their government collaborated with the nazis in WW II? And hey, try typing in 'Belgium' and 'resistance Worldwar'. You are a ****ing disgrace for all the Belgians who died in the resistance to nazi's and who helped pick you guys up at Duinkerken. There were fascist parties in every country at that time, even in Soviet-Russia and the USA.

I am damn proud of my country. Sharon is a ****ing criminal that deserves to be in jail. A country that has given the world nothing but lace? A Belgian invented plastics. A Belgian discovered a vaccin for whooping cough. A Belgian was the first to isolate a cancer virus. A Belgian commanded the first scientific mission to Antarctica. A Belgian discovered the Big Bang- theory. A Belgian produced the first modern atlas. And I could go on and on, but the point is; you should do your research.

I love this country; it's a great privilege to be living here. But everyone has it.

[Karanaki]

as stated by "KingLeopoldIV" who i think is a frenchman:-"the israeli army could probably conquer belgium in 2 days." this annoys me so much because it comes from a FRENCHMAN. us, the british, had to come to your rescue in 2 world wars because you were too cowardly to do it all yourself. even now the french have not said "thank-you" to the british. if it wasn't for us and the americans you would be speaking german and you have the cheek to say that about belgium when you were also invaded by the germans in world war 2 very quickly.

[vorosilov]

Originally posted by Karanaki
as stated by "KingLeopoldIV" who i think is a frenchman:-"the israeli army could probably conquer belgium in 2 days." this annoys me so much because it comes from a FRENCHMAN. us, the british, had to come to your rescue in 2 world wars because you were too cowardly to do it all yourself. even now the french have not said "thank-you" to the british. if it wasn't for us and the americans you would be speaking german and you have the cheek to say that about belgium when you were also invaded by the germans in world war 2 very quickly.

British came to rescue the French in WW2.

They were brave and didn't run from the Germans. They SWAM away from them at Dunkirk in summer of 1940.

[clodhopper]

You may find this useful>>> [url]http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/stalin.html[/ In a secret speech to the Politburo on August 19, 1939, Stalin revealed his plan to wage war on Europe and Germany to Sovietize all Europe to the Channel. It was four days later that German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop arrived to join Stalin and Molotov in signing the final version of the Nazi-Soviet Treaty of Nonaggression, including the secret protocols dividing control of territory in Europe, that emerged from diplomatic discussions since April 17, 1939.

On August 23, 1939, Stalin and Hitler signed the Non-Aggression Pact.

On November 30, 1940, Stalin invaded Finland.

On May 5, 1941, Stalin delivered a speech at the Soviet War Academy where he announced his determination to go to war: "A modern army must be an offensive army."

[Karanaki]

Originally posted by vorosilov

British came to rescue the French in WW2.

They were brave and didn't run from the Germans. They SWAM away from them at Dunkirk in summer of 1940.

we DIDN'T swim back. we went back on boats.

[Marmaduke]

War Crimes and Ariel Sharon
It's OK to Eat Belgian Cholocate

by URI AVNERY
CounterPunch
February 22, 2003

"Don't eat Belgian chocolate," the Israel consul in Florida ordered the large Jewish community there.
In Israel, anti-Belgian curses reached an ear-splitting new crescendo. Miserable Belgium! Mad Belgium! Megalomaniac Belgium! And again and again, Anti-Semitic Belgium! Neo-Nazi Belgium!
The Israeli ambassador was, of course, recalled from Brussels. No wonder, how can Israel keep an ambassador in the world capital of anti-Semitism?
The storm broke when a Belgian court decided that Ariel Sharon can be sued for alleged war crimes, but only after finishing his term as Prime Minister of Israel. Israel army officers connected with the 1982 massacre in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps can be sued even now.
On an Israeli TV program, the anchorman, a lawyer, put it this way: "Anti-Semitic Belgium wants to judge the officers of a second country for crimes committed in a third country, while the accused have no connection at all with Belgium, are not on Belgium territory and the whole affair does not concern Belgium. That is megalomania, really a matter for psychiatrists!"
"Strange," I replied on the program, "I seem to remember a case where country A kidnapped in country B the citizen of country C for committing in country D crimes against the citizens of countries E, F and G, all this in spite of the fact the crimes were committed before country A even existed."
I meant, of course, the trial of Adolf Eichmann, to which we all agreed.
"How can you compare the two!" the other participants on the program cried out in outraged unison. And indeed, how can one compare the actions of Jews with actions of goyim committed against Jews?
Well, it were the Jews who demanded, after World War II, that all countries put Nazi war criminals and their allies on trial. Eichmann was judged in Israel according to the Israeli "Law for bringing the Nazis and their Helpers to Justice", which does not recognize any borders. More recently the Knesset enacted another law, enabling Israeli courts to judge perpetrators of any crime committed against Jews anywhere in the world. If so, what's wrong with the Belgian law of "universal jurisdiction", that allows Belgian courts to judge was criminals from all over the world?
Immanuel Kant promulgated the Categorical Imperative: "Act as if the principle by which you act were about to be turned into a universal law of nature". But then, Kant was probably an anti-Semite.
Hundreds of years ago, the world adopted a legal doctrine that allowed every country to judge and hang pirates, irrespective of their ethnic identity, origin and area of activity. The assumption was that the pirate is an enemy of humanity at large, and that therefore every country has the right * indeed, the duty * to judge him.
The Belgian law against war crimes is a step in this direction, and I hope that many other countries will follow suit. Of course, it would be better if the International Criminal Court in The Hague would fulfil this duty, but much time will pass before it will be able to. Immense political pressures are being exerted, many limitations have been imposed, its hands and feet have been shackled. Worse, the only super-power, the United States, is openly trying to destroy it (as it destroyed the League of Nations after World War I.)
My dream is that before the end of the 21st century a new, binding world order, headed by a world parliament, will come into being. This order must include a world court and a world police force, that will judge conflicts between nations the way today's national courts judge conflicts between people. The road there is long and full of obstacles, decades will pass before humanity will reach this stage. But we must strive towards this end. In the meantime, other countries must follow the Belgian example, in order to progress along this way. Especially concerning war crimes.
Some will say that we should not extradite our fellow-citizens, that it is the duty of every state to judge its war-criminals itself. But this is utopian: no country in the world has really done so. That is quite natural: not only are states disinclined to admit to such shameful crimes and try to hide them, but generally such crimes are committed by agents of the state itself.
The affair of Sabra and Shatila is a good example. Here, briefly, are the facts:
In the summer of 1982, the Israeli army invaded West Beirut, violating an explicit commitment given to the American mediator, Phillip Habib, not to do so. By that time, the PLO forces had already left the city.
From that moment on, West Beirut, including the Palestinian refugee camps Sabra and Shatila, became an Israeli occupied territory, making the Israeli army responsible for everything happening there.
After the occupation, the IDF let the "Phalangists", members of an extreme Maronite Christian group, enter the two camps. These people has already committed heinous massacres in other Palestinian refugee camps. They were headed by a notorious mass-murderer, Eli Hweika.
All senior Israeli officials involved with Lebanon knew that the Phalangists were committing atrocities in order to panic the Palestinians into fleeing from Lebanon.
When the Israeli cabinet was informed of the army's intention of letting the Phalangists in, Minister David Levy, who was born in Morocco, warned that this would cause a disaster. His colleagues ignored his warning.
Immediately upon entering the camps, the Phalangists started to butcher men, women and children indiscriminately.
The commander of the action, Eli Hweika, oversaw the action from the roof of the Israeli divisional command post, which was located right next to the camps. The officers of the Israeli division commander, General Amos Yaron, overheard Hweika instructing his men by walkie-talkie to kill women and children, too. They hastened to inform Yaron, but he ignored the message. (Later he admitted: "Our senses had become blunted.")
During the night, while the massacre was going on (it lasted altogether three days), the Israeli Chief-of-Staff, General Raphael Eytan, ordered the army to accede to the Phalangists' request and light the area with flares. He also provided the Phalangists with a tractor (which served, it is assumed, to bury the bodies).
A young Israeli officer who heard the horrible stories of the shocked women who had succeeded in fleeing from the camps, ran from one officer to another, begging them to interfere. All of them refused.
After the massacre, the Begin government refused to order an independent investigation. In a huge demonstration in Tel-Aviv (the mythological 400-thousand-demo), we compelled the government to appoint a high-level state investigation committee, headed by Supreme Court judge Yitzhaq Kahan. It did a good job and its report included all the facts mentioned above. In its conclusions, it found that the Minister of Defense (Sharon), the Chief-of-Staff and a number of other senior officers bear "indirect responsibility" for the outrage. Some of us argued even then that the committee had bent backwards in order to protect the reputation of the state, and that from the same facts much more far-reaching conclusions could have been drawn.
The committee recommended, inter alia, to dismiss the Minister of Defense from his office and to remove Yaron from the active command of troops in the field. But the committee did not recommend to dismiss Sharon altogether from the government and from public life, neither did it dismiss Yaron from the army. It did not take any step against the Chief-of-Staff, because he was about to finish his term anyhow. Other officers suffered minor penalties.
Today, Sharon is Prime Minister, practically commanding the army and Amos Yaron is Director General of the Ministry of Defense. As a matter of fact, all those accused by the Kahan report have been promoted.
Most importantly, not one of those suspected of responsibility for the massacre was ever put on trial (as distinguished from a commission of inquiry).
After the enactment of the Belgian law of universal jurisdiction, the survivors of the massacre sued Sharon and the officers in Brussels. It's this case that has caused the present uproar.
Nobody questions the integrity of the Belgian judicial system. If Sharon and his men are confident of their innocence, why shouldn't they stand trial and prove it? After all, the Israeli government has put at their disposal its senior attorneys, paid by the state. (One could ask, of course, why I should pay for the legal defense of people put on trial for alleged war crimes. But never mind.)
All this has nothing to do with anti-Semitism. The use of this defamation against everybody who dares to criticize Sharon and his colleagues reminds one of Dr. Samuel Johnson's sayings: "Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel."
So you may eat Belgian chocolate. Even if it is of the bitter kind.

Uri Avnery has closely followed the career of Sharon for four decades. Over the years, he has written three extensive biographical essays about him, two (1973, 1981) with his cooperation. Avnery is featured in the new book, The Other Israel: Voices of Refusal and Dissent.

He is also founder of Gush Shalom and for member of the Kneset

[clodhopper]

In his first Five-Year Plan announced 1928, Stalin began industrialization and the forced collectivization of farms, caused the death by starvation of over 3 million and the imprisonment of 5 million peasants. By 1932 his second wife Nadeshda committed suicide and by 1933 he ended the forced policy. Although agricultural production declined by half, industrialization was a success and increased six-fold.

In the "Great Purges" from 1933-39, Stalin eliminated half of the Party membership and over half of the Army officer corps. Prominent victims were displayed at show trials that began August 1936. Investigations and arrests were carried out by the NKVD, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs, causing the imprisonment of 8 million and the death of at least 12 million Russian citizens.
>> http://history.acusd.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/stalin.html